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H P 4 8 S X I n t e r n a l s
Derek S. Nickel
23 February 1991
================================================================
Forward
================================================================
This documnent describes some of the internals of the HP 48SX
calculator. Its intended audience is people with a good under-
standing of the basic HP 48SX who want to explore the internals
of the HP 48SX.
The information contained here is from a variety of
sources: HP-71B Internal Design Specifications, ROM analysis
and other posted information.
Nothing is perfect. Double check these notes if you plan to use
the information that they contain.
Send comments and questions to:
Derek S. Nickel
15 Maple Lane
Walnut Creek, CA 94595-1718
================================================================
Usage Notes
================================================================
In the examples, when ASC\-> is used, the last four characters
are the checksum and are not part of the object. Note that
when atomic objects are viewed as a string (via \->ASC or the
Memory Scanner) they appear backwards. This is because the
string representation is viewed least-significant-nibble to
most-significant nibble in left to right order, whereas binary
data is viewed in right to left order.
Most of the examples list the internal representation as:
12345 6789 ABC DEF0
This corresponds to a memory dump ('48 style) of:
xxxxx: 543219876CBA0FED
or a HEX dump (VAX/VMS style) of:
DE F0 AB C6 78 91 23 45 E#.x.... xxxxx
================================================================
Prologs
================================================================
In the HP 48SX, there are many different data types. Some are
common and easy to use: Real Number, Complex Number, Array,
String, Binary Integer, List, Directory, Algebraic, Unit,
Tagged, Graphic, Backup, Program, Global Name and Local Name.
Some are common but hard to create: Library, Library Data and
XLIB Name. And some, at the user level are nonexistant:
System Binary, Long Real, Long Complex, Character, Linked Array
and Code.
One thing that all of these data types have in common is a five
nibbles header. This header is called a prolog and it identifies
the data type of the data that follows the header. The prolog
is the address of a machine language that 'handles' the data.
In most cases, this just involes putting a pointer to the object
on to the data stack. Thus, when you evaluate an object that is
on the data stack, it is removed from the data stack and then it
puts itself back onto the data stack. Some objects, though,
have a different behaviour. Like programs; they evalute their
contents (among other things).
Each prolog routine starts with a five nibble 'prolog signature'
(028FC). This is not an address, but an unusual seqence of
machine language instructions.
Voyager> ua 2933
02933: ; *** Real Number ***
02933: CF D=D-1 A
02935: 820 HST&= #F
02938: 465 GOC 0298F ; MC XFER: GC, push A.A and
; continue RPL
0293B: 1C4 D1=D1- 5 ; push on to data stack
0293E: 141 DAT1=A A ; ...
02941: 142 A=DAT0 A ; continue RPL
02944: 164 D0=D0+ 5
02947: 808C PC=(A)
Voyager>
================================================================
Prologs (by prolog address)
================================================================
Prolog Object Name Type #
------ -------------- ------
02911 System Binary 20
02933 Real Number 0
02955 Long Real 21
02977 Complex Number 1
0299D Long Complex 22
029BF Character 24
029E8 Array 3,4
02A0A Linked Array 23
02A2C String 2
02A4E Binary Integer 10
02A74 List 5
02A96 Directory 15
02AB8 Algebraic 9
02ADA Unit 13
02AFC Tagged 12
02B1E Graphic 11
02B40 Library 16
02B62 Backup 17
02B88 Library Data 26
02BAA iType <BFh> object
02BCC iType <CFh> object
02BEE iType <DFh> object
02C10 iType <EFh> object
02D9D Program 8
02DCC Code 25
02E48 Global Name 6
02E6D Local Name 7
02E92 XLIB Name 14
================================================================
Prologs (by type number)
================================================================
Type # Prolog Object Name
------ ------ --------------
0 02933 Real Number
1 02977 Complex Number
2 02A2C String
3 029E8 Real Array
4 029E8 Complex Array
5 02A74 List
6 02E48 Global Name
7 02E6D Local Name
8 02D9D Program
9 02AB8 Algebraic
10 02A4E Binary Integer
11 02B1E Graphic
12 02AFC Tagged
13 02ADA Unit
14 02E92 XLIB Name
15 02A96 Directory
16 02B40 Library
17 02B62 Backup
18 none Command
19 none Function
20 02911 System Binary
21 02955 Long Real
22 0299D Long Complex
23 02A0A Linked Array
24 029BF Character
25 02DCC Code
26 02B88 Library Data
27 other Unknown prolog
Commands and Functions can be expressed as either their address
or as XLIB Names. For example, DUP is normallay represented by
the address 1FB87, but it can also be represented by XLIB 2 269
(02E9E 002 10D).
================================================================
Internal Object Type Numbers
================================================================
The following table lists the internal object types (iTypes) and
the objects that they match. These iTypes are used in the
internal RPL operations to do argument type checking. Note that
if the first nibble is an F, then a second nibble follows.
Also, if a operation requires more that one argument, then each
argument will be represented as a digit in the Systen Binary
that is used for argument type checking. For example, the
System Binary number <C15h> would mean that stack level one
must contain a List, stack level two must contain a Real Number
and stack level three must contain a Graphic.
One nibble iTypes:
iType Objects
------ --------------------------------------------------------
<0h> Any
<1h> Real Number
<2h> Complex Number
<3h> String
<4h> Array
<5h> List
<6h> Global Name
<7h> Local Name
<8h> Program
<9h> Algebraic
<Ah> Symbolic (Algebraic or Global Name)
<Bh> Binary Integer
<Ch> Graphic
<Dh> Tagged
<Eh> Unit
Two nibble iTypes (starts with F):
iType Objects
------ --------------------------------------------------------
<Fh> XLIB Name
<1Fh> System Binary
<2Fh> Directory
<3Fh> Long Real
<4Fh> Long Complex
<5Fh> Linked Array
<6Fh> Character
<7Fh> Code
<8Fh> Library
<9Fh> Backup
<AFh> Library Data
<BFh> prolog <02BAAh>
<CFh> prolog <02BCCh>
<DFh> prolog <02BEEh>
<EFh> prolog <02C10h>
<FFh> ?? <191BEh>
================================================================
Atomic Data Types
================================================================
Atomic data types are listed after each field description, in
parenthesis. Note that some atomic data types are more atomic
than others.
**** ASCIC ****
ASCII counted character strings are represented by length and
data fields. ASCII counted character strings are the basis for
Global Name, Local Name and Tagged data types, as well as
components in other objects.
N 2 1 0
+-------------+--------+
| String Data | Length |
+-------------+--------+
Length 2
where N = Length/2 + 1.
**** ASCII ****
ASCII character strings are represented as a sequence of bytes
(ASCII characters). The length of the ASCII character string is
specified elsewhere. ASCII character strings are called ASCII
in the field descriptions. ASCII character strings are the
basis for String data types.
N 0
+-------------+
| String Data |
+-------------+
Length
**** ASCIX ****
Extended ASCII counted character strings are represented by
length and data fields. If the length is zero, only a single
length field is present. If the length is non-zero, then there
are two identical length fields, one before and one after the
string data. Extended ASCII counted character strings are the
used in Directory, Library and Backup data types.
N N-1 N-2 2 1 0
+--------+-------------+--------+
| Length | String Data | Length |
+--------+-------------+--------+
2 Length 2
where N = Length/2 + 2.
Atomic Data Types (cont)
Or, if length is zero:
1 0
+----+
| 00 |
+----+
2
**** BCDx ****
BCD numbers (binary coded decimal) are represented by a mantissa,
sign and exponent fields. These are two kinds of BCD numbers in
the HP48SX, 12-form and 15-form BCD numbers, called BCD12 and
BCD15 in the field descriptions.
Both kinds have several things in common:
* A mantissa. Each digit of the number is represented by
one nibble in the mantissa. 12-form BCD numbers have a
12 digit mantissa and 15-form BCD numbers have a 15
digit mantissa. There is an implied decimal point after
the Most Significant Digit (msd) with respect to the
exponent.
* A sign nibble. Positive numbers are represented by a
0 and negative numbers are represented by a 9.
* An exponent. The exponent is in 10's compement.
12-form BCD numbers have a 3 nibble exponent and 15-form
BCD numbers have a 5 digit exponent.
12-form BCD numbers are the basis for Real Number, Complex
Number, Real Array and Complex Array data types.
15-form BCD numbers are the basis for Long Real and Long
Complex data types.
BCD12:
15 14 3 2 0
+--+------------------------+------+
|S | msd.. Mantissa ..lsd | Exp |
+--+------------------------+------+
1 12 3
BCD15:
21 20 5 4 0
+--+------------------------------+----------+
|S | msd... Mantissa ...lsd | Exp |
+--+------------------------------+----------+
Atomic Data Types (cont)
**** BINx ****
Binary integers are represented by a data field. Binary integers
are called BINx in the field descriptions (where x = the number
of nibbles that the number occupies). Binary integers are the
basis for Binary Integers and System Binary data types.
N 0
+-------------+
| Binary Data |
+-------------+
x
where N = x - 1.
**** CHAR ****
ASCII characters are represented by a one byte (two nibble) data
field. ASCII characters are called CHAR in the field
descriptions. ASCII characters are the basis for the Character
data type.
1 0
+-----------+
| Character |
+-----------+
2
**** CODE ****
Machine code is represented as a sequence of nibbles that is the
machine code. Machine code is called CODE in the field
descriptions. Machine code is the basis for the Code data type.
Examples in this document use the HP mneumonics.
================================================================
System Binary (02911)
================================================================
<prolog><data>
<prolog> = 02911 (BIN5)
<data> = five nibble binary integer (BIN5)
There are several tables of System Binary numbers:
addr HEX description
------ ------- ------------------------------------------------
03F8B <2933h> Real Number prolog
03F95 <2977h> Complex Number prolog
03F9F <2A74h> List prolog
03FA9 <2911h> Global Name prolog
03FB3 <2D9Dh> Program prolog
03FBD <2AB8h> Algebraic prolog
03FC7 <2A96h> Directory prolog
03FD1 <2E6Dh> Local Name prolog
03FDB <2955h> Long Real prolog
03FE5 <2ADAh> Unit prolog
addr HEX DEC
------ ------ ------
03FEF <0h> <0d>
03FF9 <1h> <1d>
04003 <2h> <2d>
0400D <3h> <3d>
04017 <4h> <4d>
04021 <5h> <5d>
0402B <6h> <6d>
04035 <7h> <7d>
0403F <8h> <8d>
04049 <9h> <9d>
04053 <Ah> <10d>
0405D <Bh> <11d>
04067 <Ch> <12d>
04071 <Dh> <13d>
04073 <Eh> <14d>
04085 <Fh> <15d>
0408F <10h> <16d>
04099 <11h> <17d>
040A3 <12h> <18d>
040AD <13h> <19d>
040B7 <14h> <20d>
040C1 <15h> <21d>
040CB <16h> <22d>
040D5 <17h> <23d>
040DF <18h> <24d>
040E9 <19h> <25d>
040F3 <1Ah> <26d>
040FD <1Bh> <27d>
04107 <1Ch> <28d>
04111 <1Dh> <29d>
0411B <1Eh> <30d>
04125 <1Fh> <31d>
System Binary (cont)
0412F <20h> <32d>
04139 <21h> <33d>
04143 <22h> <34d>
0414D <23h> <35d>
04157 <24h> <36d>
04161 <25h> <37d>
0416B <26h> <38d>
04175 <27h> <39d>
0417F <28h> <40d>
04189 <29h> <41d>
04193 <2Ah> <42d>
0419D <2Bh> <43d>
There are several routines to convert between System Binary and
other data types. No error checking is performed by these
routines.
addr name description
------ ------ ------------------------------------------------
18CEA R\->SB Real Number to System Binary
18DBF SB\->R System Binary to Real Number
Example:
Create a System Binary with a decimal value of 48.
02911 00030
"1192003000C53E" ASC\-> returns <30h>
- or -
48 #18CEAh SYSEVAL returns <30h>
================================================================
Real Number (02933)
================================================================
<prolog><data>
<prolog> = 02933 (BIN5)
<data> = 12-form BCD number (BCD12)
There are several tables of Real Number and Long Real numbers:
addr value
------ ----------------
2A2B4 0
2A2C9 1
2A2DF 2
2A2F3 3
2A308 4
2A3D1 5
2A332 6
2A347 7
2A35C 8
2A371 9
2A386 -1
2A39B -2
2A3B0 -3
2A3C5 -4
2A3DA -5
2A3EF -6
2A404 -7
2A419 -8
2A42E -9
2A443 3.14159265359
2A458 3.14159265358979 (Long Real)
2A472 9.99999999999E499
2A487 -9.99999999999E499
2A49C 1.E-499
2A4B1 -1.E-499
2A4C6 0 (Long Real)
2A4E0 1 (Long Real)
2A4FA 2 (Long Real)
2A514 3 (Long Real)
2A52E 4 (Long Real)
2A548 5 (Long Real)
2A562 .1 (Long Real)
2A57C .5 (Long Real)
2A596 10 (Long Real)
There are several routines to convert between Real Number and
other data types. No error checking is performed by these
routines.
addr name description
------ ------ ------------------------------------------------
2A5B0 LR->R Long Real to Real Number
2A5C1 R->LR Real Number to Long Real
Real Number (cont)
Example:
Create a Real Number with the value of the golden mean:
02933 0161863398875000
"3392000057889330816106AB0" ASC\-> returns
1.61863398875
================================================================
Long Real (02955)
================================================================
<prolog><data>
<prolog> = 02955 (BIN5)
<data> = 15-form BCD number (BCD15)
================================================================
Complex Number (02977)
================================================================
<prolog><real-part><imaginary-part>
<prolog> = 02977 (BIN5)
<real-part> = 12-form BCD number (BCD12)
<imaginary-part> = 12-form BCD number (BCD12)
================================================================
Long Complex (0299D)
================================================================
<prolog><real-part><imaginary-part>
<prolog> = 0299D (BIN5)
<real-part> = 15-form BCD number (BCD15)
<imaginary-part> = 15-form BCD number (BCD15)
================================================================
Character (029BF)
================================================================
<prolog><data>
<prolog> = 029BF (BIN5)
<data> = ASCII coded character (CHAR)
================================================================
Array (029E8)
================================================================
<prolog><size><item-prolog><#dims><dim-1>...<dim-n><item-1>...
<item-m>
<prolog> = 029EB (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<item-prolog> = prolog for array elements (BIB5)
<#dims> = number of array dimensions (BIN5)
<dim-i> = i-th dimension (BIN5)
<item-j> = j-th item (ANY)
n = <#dims>
m = <dim-1> * <dim-2> * ... * <dim-n>
The items in the array are stored in Row Major order (all of the
first rows elements are group together, followed by the second
row, and so forth.)
In normal calculator operations:
* Only one and two dimensional arrays are supported.
* Only Real Numbers and Complex Numbers are supported as
array elements (items).
Some assumtions are made about various fields with normal
operations:
* If <item-prolog> is not Real Number, then its assumed to
be Complex Number.
* If #Dims is not 1, its assumed to be 2.
This applies to the Matrix Editor, GET and so forth.
But the '48 uses other types of arrays internally. For example,
message tables are "Array of String".
================================================================
Linked Array (02A0A)
================================================================
<prolog><size><???>
<prolog> = 02A0A (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<???> = undetermined...
================================================================
String (02A2C)
================================================================
<prolog><size><data>
<prolog> = 02A2C (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<data> = (<size>-5)/2 byte character string (ASCII)
================================================================
Binary Integer (02A4E)
================================================================
<prolog><size><data>
<prolog> = 02A4E (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<data> = binary integer (BINx, where x = <size> - 5)
Most Binary Integers have a data size of 16 nibbles or 64 bits
(<size> = 21). But some have a smaller data size. For example,
the BYTES command returns a Binary Integer (the checksum) with a
data size of 4 nibbles or 16 bits (<size> = 9), whereas the Hash
Table in a Library looks like a very large Binary Integer.
================================================================
List (02A74)
================================================================
<prolog><object-1>...<object-n><end-marker>
<prolog> = 02A74 (BIN5)
<object-i> = i-th object (ANY)
<end-marker> = 0312B (BIN5)
================================================================
Directory (02A96)
================================================================
<prolog><attachments><offset-1><end-dir>
<name-n><object-n><offset-n>...
<name-2><object-2><offset-2>
<name-1><object-1>
<prolog> = 02A96 (BIN5)
<attachments> = see comments (BIN3)
<end-dir> = 00000; end of directory marker (backwards scanned).
This is in the position that the <offset-n+1> field would
have occuppied (BIN5)
<offset-i> = offset (backward pointing) from the beginning of
the i'th offset field to the beginning of the i'th object's
name. (BIN5)
<name-i> = the name of the i-th object (ASCIX)
<object-i> = the i'th object in the directory (ANY)
Comments:
The meaning of the <attachments> field is based on whether or
not the directory is the HOME directory.
HOME directory: the <attachments> field contains the number of
libraries attached to the HOME directory, including the default,
'hidden' libraries: Library 2, standard functions; Library 1792,
flow control statments.
Subdirectory: the <attachments> field contains the library
number of the library attached to this subdirectory or 7FF if
no library is attached.
================================================================
Algebraic (02AB8)
================================================================
<prolog> ... <end-marker>
<prolog> = 02AB8 (BIN5)
The "..." part is a sequence of objects and operations.
<end-marker> = 0312B (BIN5)
Example:
Create the expression 'A-2'.
02AB8 Algebraic
02E48 01 41 'A' (Global Name)
2A2DE 2 (address in ROM)
1AD09 -
0312B End Marker
"8BA2084E201014ED2A209DA1B21303637" ASC\-> returns
'A-2'
================================================================
Unit (02ADA)
================================================================
<prolog><numeric-data><unit-1>...<unit-n><operation-1>...
<operation-n><end-marker>
<prolog> = 02ADA (BIN5)
<numeric-data> = the base data, if not Real Number, then will
be displayed as UNKNOWN (ANY)
<unit-i> = unit component (normally String or Real Number) (ANY)
<operation-j> = unit arithmetic indicator. These indicators
point to null lists { }, but are interpreted by the OS as
simple unit operations (* / and so forth) (BIN5)
10B5E * (unit operator)
10B68 / (unit operator)
10B72 ^ (unit operator)
10B7C Character prefix (unit operator)
10B86 _ (unit operator)
<end-marker> = 0312B (BIN5)
================================================================
Tagged (02AFC)
================================================================
<prolog><name><object>
<prolog> = 02AFC (BIN5)
<name> = the tag (ASCIC)
<object> = the tagged object (ANY)
Example:
Create a the Real Number 1.23456789012 with a tag of "ABC"
02AFC 03 41 42 43 02933 0123456789012000
"CFA20301424343392000021098765432107141" ASC\-> returns
ABC: 1.23456789012
================================================================
Graphic (02B1E)
================================================================
<prolog><size><#rows><#columns><data>
<prolog> = 02B1E (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<#rows> = number of pixel rows (BIN5)
<#columns> = number of pixel columns (BIN5)
<data> = graphic data, <size>-15 nibbles (BINx)
Each pixel in the Graphic is represented by a bit in <data>.
The pixels are grouped first by row and then by column.
The pixels for each row run for left to right and the bits for
those pixels run from least significant bit to most significant
bit. Note that each row of pixels is padded to an even number
of nibbles. For example: a normal 131 X 64 Graphic requires
34 nibbles (136 bits) per row for a total of 2176 nibbles (not
counting the overhead of 20 nibbles).
X = <#columns> - 1
Y = <#rows> - 1
0 X
+-------------------------+
0 | |
| |
| Display |
| |
Y | |
+-------------------------+
M = <#rows> - 1
N = 2*CEIL(<#columns>/8) - 1
N' = unpadded row size
??? = padding
N N' 0
+---+-->>--------------------+
|???| | Row 0
+---+--<<--------------------+
|???| | Row 1
+---+-->>--------------------+
: :
+---+-->>--------------------+
|???| | Row M
+---+--<<--------------------+
================================================================
Library (02B40)
================================================================
<prolog><size><library-name><library-number><hash-table-offset>
<message-table-offset><link-table-offset><config-offset>
<bulk-of-library><checksum>
<prolog> = 02B40 (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<library-name> = Extended ASCII counted character string (ASCIX)
<library-number> = library number (BIN3)
<hash-table-offset> = offset to hash table (BIN5)
<message-table-offset> = offset to message table (BIN5)
<link-table-offset> = offset to link table (BIN5)
<config-offset> = offset to configuration code (BIN5)
<bulk-of-library> : <hash-table>, <message-table>, <link-table>,
<config-code> and the rest (in any order)
<checksum> = internal library checksum (BIN4)
<hash-table> : <ht-prolog><ht-size><offset-1>...<offset-16>
<nt-size><nt-entry-1>...<nt-entry-n><nt-offset-1>...
<nt-offset-n>
<ht-prolog> = 02A4E (Binary Integer) (BIN5)
<ht-size> = size of hash table without the prolog (BIN5)
<offset-i> = offset into the name table for the first command
with an i-character name (BIN5)
<nt-size> = size in nibbles of the name table (BIN5)
<nt-entry-j> : <command-name><xlib-number>
<command-name> = ASCII counted character string (ASCIC)
<xlib-number> = XLIB command number (BIN3)
<nt-offset-k> = offset to <nt-entry-j> for XLIB command k (BIN5)
This offset is backward pointing.
<message-table> = Array of String. Each array element is a
message.
<link-table> : <lt-prolog><lt-size><lt-entry-1>...<lt-entry-n>
<lt-prolog> = 02A4E (BIN5)
<lt-size> = size of link table without the prolog (BIN5)
Library (cont)
<lt-entry-i> = offset to i-th command in this library (BIN5)
<config-code> = RPL subprogram that performs configuration
commands
Comments:
The hash table and link table are very large Binary Integers.
The message table is an Array of String.
The hash-table, message-table, link-table and config may be
referenced through a System Binary. For example, the hash-table
offset could point to a System Binary which in turn points to
the real hash-table.
Although the HP 48SX does not contain any Library objects
itself, it clearly makes use of libraries. It turns out that
the HP $*SX does contain part of the library header. I call
these things "short libraries". You can unthread short
libraries with the Voyager command EXAMINE LIBRARY.
<short-library> : <library-number><hash-table-offset>
<message-table-offset><link-table-offset><config-offset>
Example:
Unthread part of the stop watch library. See the Voayager
Reference Manual for details on Voyager commands.
Voyager> load 1 sw-a
Voyager> ut 80000
80000: ; *** Library 768: SW-A ***
80000: 02B40 ! Library
80005: 01608 ! 5640 nibbles (next RPL at 8160D)
8000A: [...] ! Library name: "SW-A"
80016: 300 ! Library 300 (XLIB 768)
80019: 00014 ! Hash table at 8002D
8001E: 001F2 ! Message table at 80210
80023: 00107 ! Link table at 8012A
80028: 01543 ! Configuration code at 8156B
Voyager> exam hash 8002D 300
8002D: ; *** Hash table for library 300 (XLIB 768) ***
8002D: 02A4E ! (Binary Integer)
80032: 000F8 ! 248 nibbles (next at 8012A)
80037: 00000 ! 1 none
8003C: 00000 ! 2 none
80041: 00000 ! 3 none
80046: 00046 ! 4 at 8008C
8004B: 00000 ! 5 none
80050: 00000 ! 6 none
80055: 00085 ! 7 at 800DA
8005A: 00093 ! 8 at 800ED
8005F: 00000 ! 9 none
80064: 00000 ! 10 none
80069: 00000 ! 11 none
8006E: 00000 ! 12 none
Library (cont)
80073: 00000 ! 13 none
80078: 00000 ! 14 none
8007D: 00000 ! 15 none
80082: 00000 ! 16 none
80087: 0007B ! 123 nibbles (next at 80102)
8008C: [...] ! DOSW (XLIB 768 0)
80099: [...] ! PALL (XLIB 768 5)
800A6: [...] ! PSP+ (XLIB 768 4)
800B3: [...] ! VALL (XLIB 768 3)
800C0: [...] ! VSP+ (XLIB 768 1)
800CD: [...] ! VSP- (XLIB 768 2)
800DA: [...] ! RESETSW (XLIB 768 7)
800ED: [...] ! RCLSPLIT (XLIB 768 6)
80102: 00076 ! name for XLIB 768 0 at 8008C
80107: 00047 ! name for XLIB 768 1 at 800C0
8010C: 0003F ! name for XLIB 768 2 at 800CD
80111: 0005E ! name for XLIB 768 3 at 800B3
80116: 00070 ! name for XLIB 768 4 at 800A6
8011B: 00082 ! name for XLIB 768 5 at 80099
80120: 00033 ! name for XLIB 768 6 at 800ED
80125: 0004B ! name for XLIB 768 7 at 800DA
Voyager> exam link 8012A 300
8012A: ; *** Link table for library 300 (XLIB 768) ***
8012A: 02A4E ! (Binary Integer)
8012F: 000E1 ! 225 nibbles (next at 80210)
80134: 00167 ! XLIB 768 0 at 8029B
80139: 00183 ! XLIB 768 1 at 802BC
8013E: 001A4 ! XLIB 768 2 at 802E2
80143: 001C5 ! XLIB 768 3 at 80308
80148: 001E1 ! XLIB 768 4 at 80329
8014D: 00202 ! XLIB 768 5 at 8034F
80152: 0021E ! XLIB 768 6 at 80370
80157: 0023F ! XLIB 768 7 at 80396
8015C: 00254 ! XLIB 768 8 at 803B0
80161: 002DE ! XLIB 768 9 at 8043F
80166: 00303 ! XLIB 768 10 at 80469
8016B: 00328 ! XLIB 768 11 at 80493
80170: 0037D ! XLIB 768 12 at 804ED
80175: 0044F ! XLIB 768 13 at 805C4
8017A: 004E7 ! XLIB 768 14 at 80661
8017F: 00500 ! XLIB 768 15 at 8067F
80184: 00514 ! XLIB 768 16 at 80698
80189: 005BC ! XLIB 768 17 at 80745
8018E: 005E1 ! XLIB 768 18 at 8076F
80193: 00605 ! XLIB 768 19 at 80798
80198: 0069D ! XLIB 768 20 at 80835
8019D: 006CD ! XLIB 768 21 at 8086A
801A2: 0072A ! XLIB 768 22 at 808CC
801A7: 00753 ! XLIB 768 23 at 808FA
801AC: 00792 ! XLIB 768 24 at 8093E
801B1: 00819 ! XLIB 768 25 at 809CA
801B6: 00832 ! XLIB 768 26 at 809E8
801BB: 008B1 ! XLIB 768 27 at 80A6C
801C0: 008DA ! XLIB 768 28 at 80A9A
801C5: 00E8C ! XLIB 768 29 at 81051
Library (cont)
801CA: 00F55 ! XLIB 768 30 at 8111F
801CF: 00F95 ! XLIB 768 31 at 81164
801D4: 00FBC ! XLIB 768 32 at 81190
801D9: 00FE7 ! XLIB 768 33 at 811C0
801DE: 010AC ! XLIB 768 34 at 8128A
801E3: 0111D ! XLIB 768 35 at 81300
801E8: 0113A ! XLIB 768 36 at 81322
801ED: 01155 ! XLIB 768 37 at 81342
801F2: 0116A ! XLIB 768 38 at 8135C
801F7: 011EE ! XLIB 768 39 at 813E5
801FC: 0136F ! XLIB 768 40 at 8156B
80201: 01383 ! XLIB 768 41 at 81584
80206: 01396 ! XLIB 768 42 at 8159C
8020B: 013A9 ! XLIB 768 43 at 815B4
Voyager> exam message 80210 300
80210: ; *** Message table for library 300 (XLIB 768) ***
80210: 029E8 ! Array
80215: 0007F ! 127 nibbles
8021A: 02A2C ! ...of String
8021F: 00001 ! 1 dimensional
80224: 00003 ! Dim-1 = 3
. . . . . . ! 3 total elements
80229: [...] ! "Invalid SWDAT"
80248: [...] ! "Invalid Split#"
80269: [...] ! "Invalid Environment"
Voyager> ut 8156B
8156B: ; *** Configuaration code for library 300 (XLIB 768 40) ***
8156B: 02D9D ! Program
81570: [...] ! <300h>
8157A: 07709 ; Internal ATTACH to HOME directory (1:System Binary)
8157F: 0312B ! End Marker
Voyager> ut 8029B
8029B: ; *** DOSW (XLIB 768 0) ***
8029B: 02D9D ! Program
802A0: 18A1E ; Save current command, stack size, clear @706FD.S
802A5: [...] ! XLIB 768 8
802B0: 0312B ! End Marker
Voyager> exit
================================================================
Backup (02B62)
================================================================
<prolog><size><name><data><???>
<prolog> = 02B62 (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<name> = the name of the backup (ASCIX)
<data> = the backed-up data (ANY)
<???> = a System Binary, possably a checksum.
================================================================
Library Data (02B88)
================================================================
<prolog><size><ident><data-1>...<data-n><end-marker>
<prolog> = 02B88 (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<ident> = <library-number><object-number> (BIN5)
<library-number> = library number (BIN3)
<object-number> = object number (library specific) (BIN2)
<data-i> = the 'hidden' library data (ANY)
<end-marker> = 0312B (BIN5)
Example:
What's in 'MHpar' (MINEHUNT parameter) (EQ Library required)?
Download a copy of MHpar to your PC:
MINEHUNT STO
'MHpar' SEND
Revice MHpar and convert it to a Voyager MEM file:
C> kermit receive
C> bintomem mhpar.
Use Voyager to examine MHpar:
C> voyager
Voyager> load 1 mhpar
Voyager> ut 80000
80000: 02B88 ! Library Data
80005: 009C6 ! 2502 nibbles (next RPL at 809CB)
8000A: 0010C ! ident: 10C/00 (268/0)
8000F: 02A74 ! List
. . . . . . ! {
80014: 02B1E ! Graphic
80019: 0088F ! 2191 nibbles (next at 808A8)
8001E: 00040 ! 64 rows
80023: 00088 ! 136 columns
80028: [...] ! 00002D9C080445A3300003BB9306000000
8004A: [...] ! 8D106545141C6DA80000888AA80400CD00
8006C: [...] ! 8300EDDD04145DB31000098A9304000E00
8008E: [...] ! CF00A545141445B020000A8AA804008F10
800B0: [...] ! 20102D55180445AB100081BBA30E004020
800D2: [...] ! CF00000000000000000000000000008F10
800F4: [...] ! 0000000000000000000000000000000000
80116: [...] ! 00EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3000
80138: [...] ! 00EF180402018040201804020180402000
8015A: [...] ! 00EC180402018040201804020180402000
8017C: [...] ! 0068180402018040201804020180402000
Library Data (cont)
8019E: [...] ! 4468180402018040201804020180402110
801C0: [...] ! C6EC180402018040201804020180402B10
801E2: [...] ! 45EF180402018040201804020180402510
80204: [...] ! 44EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3110
80226: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80248: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180402000
8026A: [...] ! C720180402018040201804020180402F10
8028C: [...] ! 0120180402018040201804020180402400
802AE: [...] ! 0120180402018040201804020180402400
802D0: [...] ! 0120180402018040201804020180402400
802F2: [...] ! C7EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3F10
80314: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180402000
80336: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80358: [...] ! C420180402018040201804020180402310
8037A: [...] ! 4520180402018040201804020180402510
8039C: [...] ! 4620180402018040201804020180402910
803BE: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
803E0: [...] ! 00EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3000
80402: [...] ! C720180402018040201804020180402F10
80424: [...] ! 4020180402018040201804020180402100
80446: [...] ! C320180402018040201804020180402F00
80468: [...] ! 4020180402018040201804020180402100
8048A: [...] ! C720180402018040201804020180402F10
804AC: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180402000
804CE: [...] ! 44EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3110
804F0: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80512: [...] ! C720180402018040201804020180402F10
80534: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80556: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80578: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180402000
8059A: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
805BC: [...] ! 44EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3110
805DE: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80600: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80622: [...] ! 8320180402018040201804020180402E00
80644: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180402000
80666: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80688: [...] ! C420180402018040201804020180402310
806AA: [...] ! 45EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3510
806CC: [...] ! 4620180402018040201804020180402910
806EE: [...] ! 4420180402018040201804020180402110
80710: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180402000
80732: [...] ! C720180402018040201804020180402F10
80754: [...] ! 0120180402018040201804020180402400
80776: [...] ! 0120180402018040201804020180402400
80798: [...] ! 01EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF3400
807BA: [...] ! 0120180402018040201804020180CA2400
807DC: [...] ! 0120180402018040201804020180453400
807FE: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180CA2000
80820: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180453000
80842: [...] ! 0020180402018040201804020180CA2000
80864: [...] ! C720180402018040201804020180453F10
80886: [...] ! EFEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBF30
. . . . . . ! End of Graphic
808A8: 03FF9 ; <1h>
808AD: 03FF9 ; <1h>
808B2: 03FF9 ; <1h>
Library Data (cont)
808B7: [...] ! "20000000001001000001000000000010
80901: [...] ! 00001101000110000000001000100001
80941: [...] ! 00000010001000000000000000001001
80981: [...] ! 00000010010000000001000000010000"
809C1: 0312B ! End Marker
. . . . . . ! }
809C6: 0312B ; End Marker
. . . . . . ! End of Library Data
Voyager> exit
================================================================
Program (02D9D)
================================================================
<prolog> ... <end-marker>
<prolog> = 02D9D (BIN5)
The "..." part is a sequence of objects.
<end-marker> = 0312B (BIN5)
Examples:
1) Write a strictly user-mode program to drop the stack level
two object. This operation is called NIP by some people.
02D9D Program
2361E \<<
1FBBD SWAP
1FBD8 DROP
23639 \>>
0312B End Marker
"D9D29E1632DBBE18DDF193632B21306A65" ASC\-> returns
\<< SWAP DROP \>>
2) Write the same program using internal routines, with error
checking (standalone version, non-library).
02D9D Program
18A8D Verify DEPTH >= 2
60F9B drop level two object
0312B End Marker
"D9D20D8A81B9F06B2130D01D" ASC\-> returns
External External
================================================================
Code (02DCC)
================================================================
<prolog><size><machine-code>
<prolog> = 02DCC (BIN5)
<size> = number of nibbles remaining (BIN5)
<machine-code> = machine code (<size>-5 nibbles) (CODE)
================================================================
Global Name (02E48)
================================================================
<prolog><name>
<prolog> = 02E48 (BIN5)
<name> = ASCII counted character string (ASCIC)
Example:
Create a Global Name called 'GBL'.
02E48 03 47 42 4C
"84E20307424C4A205" ASC\-> returns 'GBL'
================================================================
Local Name (02E6D)
================================================================
<prolog><name>
<prolog> = 02E6D (BIN5)
<name> = ASCII counted character string (ASCIC)
Example:
Create a Local Name called 'LCL'.
02E6D 03 4C 43 4C
"D6E2030C434C4DCA1" ASC\-> returns 'LCL'
Executing EVAL at this point will generate an 'EVAL Error:
Undefined Local Name'.
================================================================
XLIB Name (02E92)
================================================================
<prolog><library-number><object-number>
<prolog> = 02E92 (BIN5)
<library-number> = library number (BIN3)
<object-number> = object number with library (BIN3)
Example:
The XLIB name for the EQ Library's MINEHUNT is XLIB 268 0
02E92 10C 000
If you have the EQ Library:
"29E20C01000FEA7" ASC\-> returns MINEHUNT
If you don't:
"29E20C01000FEA7" ASC\-> returns XLIB 268 0
